An excellent test case, and case to familiarize yourself with some of the turbulence models available in OpenFOAM is a 2D flat plate with zero pressure gradient. I will solve this problem using the solver simpleFoam and the komegaSST model.
Here are the sections of this post:
- Quick Overview: kω-SST (komegaSST) Boundary Conditions
- Case set-up and mesh
- Results
- u+ vs. y+
- Coefficient of friction
- Conclusions and useful resources
Download the case file here: kOmega Flat Plate Tutorial File
Quick Overview: kω-SST (komegaSST) Boundary Conditions
In this section I will describe the boundary set-up for komegaSST where no wall functions are implemented. This requires that the y+ along the wall is less than or equal to one. For the komegaSST turbulence model the boundary conditions are as follows:
At the wall:
- ω (omega) – specific dissipation rate
- BC type: fixedValue
- BC value:
- k – turbulent kinetic energy
- BC type: fixedValue
- BC value: 0
- nut – turbulent viscosity
- BC type: fixedValue
- BC value: 0
In the free-stream:
- ω (omega) – specific dissipation rate
- BC type: fixedValue
- BC value:
- k – turbulent kinetic energy
- BC type: fixedValue
- BC value:
- nut – turbulent viscosity
- BC type: calculated
- BC value: 0 (this is just an initial value)
where
Case set-up and mesh
Free-Stream Properties
For this case I have followed a similar set up to the 2D flat plate case used on the NASA turbulence modelling resource website. By doing this it gives me something to compare to! However, I am not going to use the exact set-up on that website. Since we are using simpleFoam, I am going to set up this case the way I prefer which is to use a velocity (U) of 1 m/s and scale all other properties accordingly. The simulation properties that I used are :
- U∞=1 m/s
- ν=4e-7 m2/s
- L=2 m
These correspond to a Reynolds number at L=2m of 5 million .
Grid Generation
The grid used was generated in blockMesh. High inflation was used in the boundary layer region in order to achieve the desired y+ value of less than 1. For more details on grid generation using blockMesh see the OpenFOAM manual!
Boundary Conditions
For the incompressible solver simpleFoam, the minimum boundary conditions required for a simulation are p and U. However, if the simulation is a RANS simulation additional boundary conditions are required. For the kω-SST model we need to have a boundary condition on k and ω as well. The boundary conditions I defined in the zero (0) folder can be found in the attached tutorial file.
The only boundary condition that really needs any comment is omega. We calculate omega using
Tip for fvSolution
If you find that the results you are getting are wrong, it could be that the residuals for the different properties are too high! Certain properties converge before others and therefore you need to ensure that they all converge to a sufficiently low value!
Results
First we compare the coefficient of friction to the .dat file available from the .DAT available from the NASA Turbulence modelling resource. NOTE: We simulated at Reynolds number of 5 million whereas the NASA setup is at 10 million. So the x coordinate in the following is plots is rescaled and in fact we are only using half of the data from the .DAT file!
We can see from the figure that the coefficient of friction from our simulation matches the expected data closely! Hurray!
Next let’s compare the u+ vs. y+ profile to the universal profile for turbulent boundary layers. Recall that u+ is the velocity normalized by the friction velocity (
The u+ is vs y+ is plotted here:
We can see from the figure that our solution is pretty good! The y+ value of the first node is located around a y+ of approximately 0.5, the viscous sublayer matches very closely and the log law layer is not significantly off!
Conclusions
In this post we simulated a zero pressure gradient flat plate at a Reynolds number of 5 million. We compared the results for shear stress to the NASA turbulence modelling resource expected results and showed close agreement. Then the u+ vs y+ profile was compared to the universal law of the wall and again the results were okay!
Some useful references
The NASA Turbulence Modelling Resource, http://turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/